Virginia
Virginia's residential market maintains solid underlying fundamentals with a statewide median sales price of $448,000, up 3.0% year-over-year. Active inventory has expanded by 13.4% to 28,357 listings, granting buyers slightly more breathing room at 3.1 months of supply, though tight baseline inventory keeps the average sale-to-list ratio near 99.4%. Persistent mortgage rate fluctuations have slowed pending contracts modestly, but steady demand across high-wage employment hubs continues to anchor price resilience.
Median prices moved up 3.0% year over year.
Homes spend a median of 15 days on market with 3.1 months of supply — a fast-moving market.
21% of listings have cut prices · homes sell at 99.4% of asking — demand is running ahead of supply.
unemployment 3.2% · poverty 10.1% — a stable, low-distress profile.
ACS 2024 5-year estimates. Aggregate published statistics for this state — never individual records, and never an attribute of any individual property or resident. Federal enforcement activity is presented only at the state tier as regional context — never imputed onto any county, city, ZIP, neighborhood or parcel beneath it.
Virginia — researched statewide history with a deterministic 1 / 3 / 5-year projection
Solid: researched ten-year history · dotted: 1 / 3 / 5-year projection extended from the historical 6.2%/yr trend — a deterministic estimate, not a published forecast or guarantee.
The amenity base that shapes daily life and property demand in this state — what residents actually live with, and what the pipeline is adding.
Spanning over 200,000 acres along the Blue Ridge Mountains, featuring 500 miles of trails including the Appalachian Trail, cascading waterfalls, and spectacular valley views.
The world's largest living history museum complex, preserving the historic capital of 18th-century Virginia and the site of America's first permanent English settlement.
A 3-mile oceanfront boardwalk alongside expansive Atlantic beaches, featuring dynamic coastal recreation, surfing, and annual festivals.
Located in Chantilly, hosting thousands of aerospace artifacts including the Space Shuttle Discovery and the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird in vast hangars.
Virginia consistently ranks among the lowest in violent crime rates in the South Atlantic region and below national baselines, according to Virginia State Police and FBI Uniform Crime Reporting statistics. Property crime is slightly higher in denser metropolitan pockets like Richmond, Hampton Roads, and parts of Northern Virginia, but remains generally lower statewide compared to national peer states.
Virginia's public education system ranks among the top ten nationally by Quality Counts and WalletHub, led by high-performing school divisions in Northern Virginia (Fairfax, Loudoun, Arlington) and Henrico/Chesterfield counties. The commonwealth operates under the Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL) assessment system and hosts acclaimed public universities including UVA, Virginia Tech, and William & Mary.
Coastal Hampton Roads and the Northern Neck face persistent tidal flooding, sea-level rise, and seasonal tropical storm surges, requiring mandatory flood insurance across designated FEMA Special Flood Hazard Areas. Inland and western Virginia experience localized riverine flash flooding and occasional winter ice storms, while overall property insurance availability remains intact relative to Gulf or Florida markets.
Economic growth is anchored by federal defense spending, cybersecurity, cloud infrastructure (Northern Virginia's 'Data Center Alley'), and expanding logistics around the Port of Virginia. Capital investment continues to expand into the Richmond-Petersburg advanced manufacturing corridor and aerospace clusters.
Composed from the ARED governance burden registry — tier-native tax structure (state + county + city + special districts), never averaged. Federal (United States (federal)) — Federal General Tax Lien Encumbrance: Under IRC § 6321, a statutory lien arises automatically as of the date of assessment and attaches to all real property owned or acquired by the taxpayer. Upon the IRS filing a Notice of Federal Tax Lien (NFTL) in local county land records under IRC § 6323, it perfects priority against subsequent pur Federal (United States (federal)) — Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act (FIRPTA) Tax Withholding: Imposes an absolute statutory obligation on the transferee/buyer to withhold gross tax from the total amount realized (purchase price) upon disposition and remit it to the IRS within 20 days using Forms 8288 and 8288-A. Rate structure and formula: Base statutory withholding rate is 15% of the gross
Virginia provides four-season outdoor access from Shenandoah National Park and the Blue Ridge Parkway in the west to the Virginia Beach oceanfront and Chesapeake Bay in the east. The state features more than 40 award-winning state parks, thousands of miles of hiking trails, extensive river systems, and world-class historical parks.
Rental demand remains firm across Virginia, underpinned by massive defense, tech, and university population bases in Northern Virginia, Richmond, and Hampton Roads. Median rents hold above $2,000 monthly, with multi-family absorption remaining steady against limited single-family rental availability.
Virginia maintains a highly diversified $650B+ gross domestic product driven by defense, aerospace, federal contracting, technology, and agriculture. The commonwealth regularly places in the top tier of CNBC's 'Top States for Business' due to a skilled workforce, premier port facilities, and corporate headquarters concentration.
Major arterial corridors include I-95, I-64, I-81, and I-66, complemented by the Washington Metrorail network expanding through Loudoun County, the VRE commuter rail, and Amtrak Virginia passenger routes.
State and regional plans emphasize grid reliability for hyperscale computing facilities, roadway congestion relief along the I-81 and I-95 corridors, and transit-oriented development hubs near Metrorail stations.
Localities may establish community development authorities (CDAs), service districts, and transportation improvement districts to fund targeted infrastructure via special assessments on real property.
Virginia's property insurance market remains stable relative to deeper Southern coastal states, though homeowners in coastal flood zones face elevated wind and flood surcharges. Bureau of Insurance filings indicate modest rate pressure aligned with building replacement costs.
IRS and Census population flows show positive net international migration and in-migration of educated professionals into Northern Virginia and Richmond, partially counterbalanced by domestic out-migration to lower-tax southern sunbelt destinations.
Virginia is primarily a non-judicial foreclosure state operating under deeds of trust with power-of-sale clauses. Foreclosure proceedings can conclude rapidly after a statutory notice period of at least 14 to 60 days, and borrowers have no statutory right of redemption after the auction sale closes.
Virginia operates under the Virginia Residential Property Disclosure Act, which is predominantly a 'caveat emptor' (buyer beware) framework. Sellers must deliver a standard disclosure statement advising buyers to exercise due diligence regarding condition, flood hazard, noise zones, and historic designations, rather than requiring exhaustive seller defect questionnaires.
Data retrieved from U.S. Census Bureau ACS state profiles for the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Virginia's residential market maintains solid underlying fundamentals with a statewide median sales price of $448,000, up 3.0% year-over-year. Active inventory has expanded by 13.4% to 28,357 listings, granting buyers slightly more breathing room at 3.1 months of supply, though tight baseline inventory keeps the average sale-to-list ratio near 99.4%. Persistent mortgage rate fluctuations have slowed pending contracts modestly, but steady demand across high-wage employment hubs continues to anchor price resilience.
applies when — The parcel contains covered multifamily residential dwellings designed and constructed for first occupancy after March 13, 1991 (defined as all dwelling units in buildings with 4 or more units with an elevator, or ground floor dwelling units in buildings with 4 or more units without an elevator).
Imposes mandatory physical structural criteria on the parcel improvements: (1) accessible building entrance on an accessible route, (2) accessible public and common use areas, (3) usable doors for wheelchairs, (4) accessible routes into and through each dwelling unit, (5) light switches, electrical outlets, and environmental controls in accessible locations, (6) reinforced bathroom walls for grab bar installation, and (7) usable kitchens and bathrooms permitting wheelchair maneuvering. Non-conforming improvements require mandatory structural retrofits and subject developers/owners to federal civil actions.
Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (42 U.S.C. 3604(f)(3)(C)); HUD regulations at 24 CFR 100.205.
applies when — The parcel secures a residential mortgage originated before the property owner entered active military service, where the debt is enforced during or within one year after active military service.
Restricts lender foreclosure rights by nullifying any non-judicial foreclosure, sale, or seizure of the residential parcel without a court order or valid written waiver executed by the servicemember during or after active duty. Courts are empowered to stay foreclosure proceedings or adjust loan payments. Foreclosing without a court order constitutes a federal criminal misdemeanor and exposes the lender to civil damages.
50 U.S.C. 3953; codified originally as the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940, modernized under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act of 2003 (Pub. L. 108-189).
applies when — The residential parcel is owned by a person or entity that has neglected or refused to pay any assessed federal tax liability (income, gift, estate, or payroll tax) after formal demand.
Under IRC § 6321, a statutory lien arises automatically as of the date of assessment and attaches to all real property owned or acquired by the taxpayer. Upon the IRS filing a Notice of Federal Tax Lien (NFTL) in local county land records under IRC § 6323, it perfects priority against subsequent purchasers, mortgagees, and judgment lien creditors. Rate and computation: The lien secures 100% of the underlying unpaid tax assessment, plus compounding interest under IRC § 6621 (the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points) and statutory late-payment penalties under IRC § 6651 (0.5% per month, up to a maximum cap of 25%). No parcel-level homestead exemption exists under federal law against an IRC § 7403 judicial foreclosure or tax collection lien.
Internal Revenue Code (IRC) §§ 6321, 6322, 6323.
applies when — The parcel is improved with target residential housing built before 1978 undergoing renovation, repair, or painting activities for compensation that disturb more than 6 sq. ft. of interior painted surface or 20 sq. ft. of exterior painted surface.
Legally prohibits uncertified contractors from performing qualifying physical alterations on the home. Contractors must be EPA-certified and adhere to specific lead-safe containment, containment plastic barriers, HEPA vacuuming, and cleaning verification protocols. Imposes strict recordkeeping burdens and exposes property alterations to federal administrative stop-work orders and civil fines for uncontained lead dust contamination.
Promulgated under TSCA § 402(c)(3) (15 U.S.C. 2682); codified at 40 CFR Part 745, Subpart E; fully effective April 22, 2010.
applies when — The parcel contains wetlands, streams, or waterways that meet the definition of 'Waters of the United States' (WOTUS) as delineated under the Clean Water Act.
Prohibits the discharge of dredged or fill material into jurisdictional wetlands or waters without a permit issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Restricts residential site grading, driveway installation, structural foundation expansion, or shoreline bulkheading; unauthorized fill mandates compulsory site restoration and subjects parcel owners to civil penalties exceeding $50,000 per day under 33 U.S.C. 1319.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act), 33 U.S.C. 1344; current delineation criteria governed in accordance with Sackett v. EPA (2023) and conforming federal rulemaking (40 CFR Part 120 / 33 CFR Part 328).
applies when — The residential parcel is listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, or lies within an eligible historic district, and involves an action subject to federal agency funding, permitting, licensing, or mortgage assistance (e.g., HUD/FHA, VA, USDA, or USACE permits).
Federal agencies must assess adverse effects on historic resources prior to approving loans, grants, or permits. Parcel alterations, demolitions, or rehabilitation programs that receive federal assistance are subjected to binding Section 106 consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and must adhere to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, restricting unapproved structural modifications or exterior elevation changes.
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (54 U.S.C. 306108, formerly 16 U.S.C. 470f); regulations codified at 36 CFR Part 800.
applies when — The parcel is being purchased or refinanced using FHA-insured Title II financing under the National Housing Act.
Restricts financing eligibility based on parcel and structural criteria: (1) County Loan Limits cap the maximum insurable mortgage balance per parcel based on local median housing costs (ranging from a federal statutory floor of 65% of the national conforming limit up to a statutory ceiling of 150%). (2) Imposes mandatory HUD Minimum Property Standards (MPS; HUD Handbook 4000.1 / 24 CFR Part 200) requiring mandatory appraisal repair escrows or seller cures for deficiencies regarding structural soundness, safety, soil stability, drainage, well/septic separation buffers, and lead paint encapsulation before loan endorsement.
National Housing Act of 1934, as amended (12 U.S.C. 1709); annual loan limit updates promulgated under the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA).
applies when — The parcel constitutes a U.S. Real Property Interest (USRPI) transferred or disposed of by a 'foreign person' (non-resident alien individual, foreign corporation, foreign partnership, or foreign trust/estate).
Imposes an absolute statutory obligation on the transferee/buyer to withhold gross tax from the total amount realized (purchase price) upon disposition and remit it to the IRS within 20 days using Forms 8288 and 8288-A. Rate structure and formula: Base statutory withholding rate is 15% of the gross sales price. Residential personal residence exemption computation: (1) If the gross sales price does not exceed $300,000 AND the buyer (or family member) intends to use the parcel as a personal residence for at least 50% of days used during each of the first two 12-month periods, the withholding rate is 0%. (2) If the gross sales price exceeds $300,000 but does not exceed $1,000,000 and meets the same personal residence test, the withholding rate is reduced to 10% of the gross sales price. (3) For all sales exceeding $1,000,000, or where the buyer does not satisfy the personal residence requir
Internal Revenue Code (IRC) § 1445; enacted via the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, with standard rate increased from 10% to 15% pursuant to the PATH Act of 2015.
applies when — The parcel is improved with 'target housing,' defined as any residential dwelling constructed prior to 1978, except housing for the elderly or persons with disabilities (unless a child under age 6 resides or is expected to reside there) or 0-bedroom dwellings.
Before a purchaser or lessee becomes obligated under any contract to buy or lease, the seller or landlord must: (1) provide an EPA-approved lead hazard information pamphlet ('Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Home'), (2) disclose any known lead-based paint or hazards and provide all available records/evaluations, (3) attach a federal Lead Warning Statement and disclosure certification to the contract, and (4) afford buyers a mandatory 10-day mutual inspection period (waivable in writing) to conduct a risk assessment. Failure to comply exposes violators to civil liability, statutory treble damages, and administrative penalties up to statutory maximums per violation.
Enacted under Title X of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 4852d), implemented jointly by EPA and HUD at 40 CFR Part 745 / 24 CFR Part 35.
applies when — The parcel contains an insurable improved structure or manufactured home located within a FEMA-designated Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA; 100-year floodplain / 1% annual chance of flood, Zones A or V) in a participating NFIP community, securing a loan made, increased, extended, or renewed by a federally regulated lender or federal agency lender.
Mandates the continuous purchase and maintenance of flood insurance coverage for the term of the mortgage in an amount at least equal to the lesser of: (1) the outstanding principal balance of the loan, (2) the maximum insurable value under the NFIP ($250,000 for residential 1–4 family structures), or (3) the maximum insurable replacement cost value of the structure. If the borrower fails to maintain coverage, the lender must force-place flood insurance at the borrower's expense.
Enacted under the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 (42 U.S.C. 4012a), significantly strengthened by the National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 and the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012.
Governance registry — every jurisdiction re-researches on a rolling 90-day cycle. Property reports compose these inherited burdens into a per-parcel ledger with conditional determinations. Informational only — not legal advice.
No recorded foreclosure notices for Virginia yet. Counties ingest on the scheduled rotation — absence here reads as no recorded notices, not as verified zero distress.